. ( 1)
(. franchise , ) ( ), ( ), 䳺 , , -, , , () .
- franchise. franc . franchir . francis . enfranchise , . (Royal Tithes) ( ) , .
, 㳿 , . ³ : 10 , (1988 .) : .
, McDonalds, KFC, SPAR .
1800 : ,
. , . 糿 , . 볿 . - .
, .
1800 1900 : ,
볿 ͳ XIX ’ , . .
볿 1809 . 45 000 ѳ ( ).
1800- ( / ) , Singer 1851 . Singer , . , 1860-.
1880- , , , .
1898 . ³ . , ̳, () General Motors (GM). GM, . GM .
1899 . Coca-Cola .
1901 1950 :
XX һ. , . Rexall Drugstores Western Auto.
1920 ’ , , . - .
1925 A&W (), Howard Johnsons Wollaston, . 1929 ., , , , Howard Johnsons . 1930 1955 . , : Kentucky Fried Chicken (1930); SPAR (1932) ; Carvel (1934); Arthur Murray Dance Studio (1938); Dairy Queen (1940); Duraclean (1943); Baskin-Robbins (1948); Dunkin Donuts (1950); Burger King (1954) McDonalds (1955).
1951-1969 .:
1950-. 1950 100 . 1960 900 , 200 000 .
1955 Tastee Freeze 1500- .
1950-1960- - ( ). ³, : Holiday Inn, Roto-Rooter, H&R Block, Lee Myles, Midas, 7-Eleven, Dunhill Personnel, Wendy’s, Pearle Vision Center, Orange Julius, Sheraton .
1960- McDonald’s, Holiday Inn KFC .
̳ 1964 1969 , , 100 000 .
1970 1985 :
1970 95 . 181 . 82% 55% . , (California Franchise Investment Law, CFIL). 114 .
1969 1973 50 000 , 1973 . 374 000 .
1973 1976 . 32 000 . 1976 . 41%, 1980 . 36%. 1976 1980 19 000 , .
1980 . 356 000 , 18 000 , 1973 . $231 , 129% 1971 ., $274 , 140% 1971 . - $16 $48 .
1985 . $474 .
1986-1995 .
1986 ̳ , , , 34% . $198 1980-1986 .
1987-1988 . 50 000 -, , 1985-1986 .
1988 416 000 , 7 , 543 . 70% - 30% . , 27 273 1988 .
1987 1989 400 . , Fortune 500 10 . ( 40 ).
1990 . $607 460 000 . 1980 .
1996 . :
, , , , -, , , , -.
, ̳ , 2001 767 . , ( ), 9 ( , , , , , , , ), $229,1 $624,6 . , 2001 7,4% , 5% 3,9% . - 4,3 , , 4 , , - - . , - -, . 2001 , , . , , , -, ̳.
, 5-8 , . -.
, , 33 , 70% 45 97% 55 .
, “ ” | SPAR
